The goal of this randomized, single blind, two-armed pilot study is to assess the efficacy of FMT in reducing gut mucosal and systemic inflammation in ART-treated people living with HIV with low CD4/CD8 ratio. The main questions it aims to answer are: •Is there a change in the gut permeability among participants taking FMT compared to placebo? • Has inflammation been reduced by the use of FMT? Ten participants will be randomized to receive FMT in capsules, and another 10 participants will receive placebo capsules containing microcrystalline cellulose. Capsules will be given twice (30 to 40 capsules at each treatment) at 3 weeks interval, to ensure engraftment. In an optional substudy, participants will be asked to undergo colonoscopy before and 3 months after FMT to assess gut inflammation and HIV reservoir size in colon biopsies. Researchers will compare the FMT arm and the Placebo arm to see if there are differences in gut permeability and inflammation.

CFDI NATIONAL REGISTRY Fabry disease is a rare, inherited, genetic condition due to a deficiency of an enzyme called alpha-galactosidase A. This enzyme deficiency causes the small blood vessels to accumulate a substance called glycolipid. Without sufficient levels of the enzyme, alpha-galactosidase A, persons with Fabry Disease develop severe neuropathic pain, kidney disease, heart disease, stroke and/or premature death; often before the age of 60. Fabry Disease is estimated to affect approximately one out of every 40,000 males and up to twice as many females in Canada. We do not have the exact number of persons in Canada who have this disease. A common problem in studying rare conditions is the difficulty in identifying the majority of people suffering from such a disease. Gathering their health information in order to better understand the natural disease progression and its response to treatment is difficult. Early ERT studies involving humans had small numbers of subjects and the studies were of short duration. The results of these clinical studies did lead to approval of the therapy in many countries around the world including Canada. To date though, evidence of the usefulness of ERT and its direct impact on the natural course of Fabry disease has been limited, while its cost continues to be very high. As a result of these issues, there will need to be continued and long-term collection of information related to the effectiveness of ERT and other treatments to better document its true clinical outcomes in Canadian people with Fabry disease. The Canadian Fabry Disease Initiative National Registry (CFDI-NR) is an observational, voluntary registry designed to collect outcomes data on Fabry disease from people living in Canada.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effects (good or bad) of pulsed dye laser treatment in burn scar height, texture, redness and pliability in acute burn injury.

The goal of this intervention study is to evaluate the difference in nutrition status markers (weight and muscle mass) when giving dietary protein by continuous or bolus delivery in critically ill children ages 1-11y. The main questions it aims to answer are: Primary: Bolus protein delivery will lessen the decline in mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) z-score by 0.5 standard deviation in critically ill children aged 1-11y after 1wk. Ultrasound will correlate to MUAC. Secondary: Bolus protein delivery will provide more (grams per day) than when provided continuously, therefore it is more likely to meet the minimum estimated needs. Participants will have daily nutrition intake data collected, and undergo body composition measures (weight, MUAC and ultrasound of the upper thigh muscle) at day of enrollment, and MUAC/Ultrasound on follow up days 3, 5, 7 and 14 after the intervention started.

Demonstrate the impact of the Molecular Microscope Diagnostic System as the standard of care for heart transplant patients.

During video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy (VATS), the surgeon inserts a small camera attached to a thoracoscope that puts the image onto a video screen. Instruments are inserted via small incisions, and the lung resection is completed. Robotic thoracic surgery (RTS) uses a similar minimally invasive approach, but the very precise instruments involved with RTS allow the surgeon to view the lung using 3-dimensional imaging. The instruments give the surgeons increased range of motion during the surgery, and research demonstrates that RTS has a less steep learning curve as compared to VATS. Both VATS and RTS demonstrated better results as compared to traditional thoracotomy (open surgery). However, Robotic lobectomy has not yet been compared directly to video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy (VATS) in a prospective manner. There are two major barriers against the widespread adoption of robotic thoracic surgery. The first barrier is the lack of high-quality prospective data. To our knowledge, there are no prospective trials comparing VATS to RTS for early stage lung cancer. The second major barrier to the widespread adoption of robotic technology in thoracic surgery is the perceived higher cost of Robotic lobectomy. To address these barriers, the investigators will undertake the first randomized controlled trial comparing Thoracoscopic Lobectomy to Robotic Lobectomy for early stage lung cancer. Prospective randomization will eliminate the biases of retrospective data and will serve to determine whether there exist any advantages to Health Related Quality of life (HRQOL) or patient outcomes in favour of Robotic Lobectomy over VATS Lobectomy. Furthermore, through a prospective cost-utility analysis, this trial will provide the highest quality data to evaluate the true economic impact of robotic technology in thoracic surgery in a Canadian health system.

This study will evaluate the effect of ibuprofen or nifedipine on post-seizure hypoperfusion and neurological deficits in patients with epilepsy. One group will receive ibuprofen, another will receive nifedipine, and anther placebo.

This study evaluates the use of a lower INR target (1.5 to 2.5) in patients with a mechanical bileaflet heart valve in the aortic position. This study will inform physicians about whether a lower INR target will decrease the risk of bleeding or increase the risk of blood clot formation and stroke. These results have the potential to reduce the burden of bleeding in patients with a mechanical heart valve who require lifelong warfarin (Coumadin) treatment.

Atrial fibrillation is the most common heart rhythm disorder (arrhythmia) worldwide. Nearly 40 million people are affected by atrial fibrillation worldwide, and this number is expected to increase by over 50% by 2050. Atrial fibrillation can cause strokes, heart attacks, heart failure, poor quality of life and even death. Almost half a million deaths worldwide are expected to be related to atrial fibrillation by 2050, and many billions of dollars are spent on atrial fibrillation related healthcare in North America every year. We believe health outcomes for patients with atrial fibrillation, and healthcare costs associated with treating atrial fibrillation could be improved by optimizing existing treatments for atrial fibrillation and maximizing the likelihood of restoring normal heart rhythm. This allows them to benefit from lower stroke risk, better heart function, fewer symptoms and increased quality of life. Restoring normal sinus rhythm earlier prevents atrial fibrillation from causing permanent structural damage to the heart that in turn, makes atrial fibrillation intractable. Furthermore, patients in whom initial attempts to control atrial fibrillation are unsuccessful frequently require more medications or invasive catheter ablation procedures which are costly and carry substantial risk. Electrical cardioversion is the main way physicians restore normal heart rhythm. In this procedure, the heart is "shocked" back into normal rhythm using two electrodes on the chest. Done correctly, this procedure is safe and effective. Many things are known about electrical cardioversion, for example, the best type and amount of electricity to use. What we don't know is the best position of the electrodes on the chest and whether applying direct, physical pressure to the electrodes makes cardioversion more successful. Our prior research suggests that improving positioning and applying pressure may improve cardioversion, but this finding needs to be verified with a rigorous, dedicated trial. This study will demonstrate whether front-to-back, or front-to-side placement of the electrodes is more effective for electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. We will also demonstrate whether manually applying pressure to the electrodes makes cardioversion more effective. Should our trial demonstrate a benefit for these techniques, we expect them to be universally applied around the world. Because hundreds of thousands of cardioversions are done each year, even small increases in cardioversion success means thousands fewer patients progress to needing more medications or invasive procedures to manage their atrial fibrillation. We will study consenting adults presenting for non-urgent cardioversion of their atrial fibrillation. After explaining the study to participants and gaining their consent, we will randomly assign them to front-to-side or front-to-back electrode placement. Patients who remain in atrial fibrillation after the first shock will randomly receive either manual pressure or not. We will compare the success of cardioversion for front-side versus front-back electrode placement, and for manual pressure versus none. We will evaluate success by using electrocardiograms to assess for restoration of the heart rhythm back to normal. We hypothesize that anterolateral electrode positioning is superior to anteroposterior electrode positioning. We also hypothesize that manual pressure is effective relative to none, when applied in patients who have had one unsuccessful shock already.

Wellness is defined as the active pursuit of activities, choices and lifestyles that lead to a state of overall health. Prehabilitation, or using rehabilitation in the period before surgery, can improve the pre, during, and post operative experience for the patient. Although exercise as prehabilitation has been well established in organ transplant, the investigators believe a multiphase approach will help to better serve patients and support patient wellness in the long-term. Supporting wellness behaviour change, such as exercise, stress reduction, and sleep, is associated with improved quality of life (QoL), mood, and improvements in well-being. Including behaviour change support in an exercise program can help support transplant patients in long-term positive lifestyle changes. The Transplant Wellness Program (TWP) is an exercise behaviour change program that includes additional wellness components such as nutrition, stress reduction, and sleep programs to support overall health and QoL of transplant patients. Specifically, the TWP will implement physical activity and behaviour change support for patients pre- and post-transplant surgery, addressing functional (frailty, indices of fitness, physical activity levels) and mental (anxiety, stress) outcomes to improve overall QoL. The TWP includes a 12-week exercise program that is delivered either pre-transplant or post-transplant, depending on length of time from study enrollment to transplant surgery. In addition to the exercise intervention, the TWP includes maintenance resources (access to group exercise classes, wellness webinars, group wellness coaching etc.), and wellness behaviour change support. The goal of the TWP is to improve outcomes of participants throughout their transplant journey, as well as reduce health services use. Collected outcomes will include program reach, effectiveness measures such as changes in physical fitness, adoption by healthcare practitioners, implementation of the program, and maintenance. In addition, will also collect health care use measures as the investigators believe the TWP will result in the reduction of several health care use outcomes, such as the number of hospital admissions (including intensive care unit admissions), length of hospital stays and emergency room utilization.