Effect of Betaine and Choline on Metabolic Health

Participation Requirements

• Sex:

  ALL

• Eligible Ages:

  18 to 70

Participation Criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

* Male or female participant of any race or ethnicity between 18-70 years of age (inclusive) at the time of informed consent
* BMI between 25-35 kg/m2
* Non-smoker
* Willing to consume 3 eggs per day for one dietary period of 4 weeks
* Willing to avoid eggs during the rest of the study including washout period breaks except for eggs that are provided
* Willing to fast before the baseline and dietary period lab visits
* Willing to provide a 24-hr prior day food record at the dietary period lab visits
* Willing to provide or collect biological specimen samples at the baseline and dietary period lab visits
* Willing to follow the study protocol including maintaining usual lifestyle during the entire study

Exclusion Criteria:

* Male or female \< 18 years or \> 70 years of age at the time of consent
* BMI \< 25 kg/m2; or BMI \> 35 kg/m2
* Pregnant or planning to become pregnant during the course of the study; currently breastfeeding or postpartum \< 6 months
* Use of hormone therapy including birth control pills
* Follows a vegan diet
* Current smoker (any form of nicotine, e-cigarettes, etc)
* Use of recreational drugs (may affect metabolic pathway for choline)
* Presence of chronic illnesses, e.g., heart disease, diabetes, cancer, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), gastrointestinal liver or kidney diseases or alcoholism
* Diagnosis of trimethylaminuria (genetic disorder affecting choline use in body)
* Use of antibiotics in the last 2 months
* Use of prebiotics, probiotics or dietary fiber (i.e., Metamucil) supplements in the last 2 months
* Have allergies to eggs or any anaphylactic food allergies
* Have a schedule or lifestyle patterns incompatible with the study protocol